School of Interdisciplinary & Applied Sciences

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Wheat Omics: Advancements and Opportunities
(2023-01) Sehgal, D; Dhakate, P; Ambreen, H; Vikram, P
Plant omics, which includes genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics, has played a remarkable role in the discovery of new genes and biomolecules that can be deployed for crop improvement. In wheat, great insights have been gleaned from the utilization of diverse omics approaches for both qualitative and quantitative traits. Especially, a combination of omics approaches has led to significant advances in gene discovery and pathway investigations and in deciphering the essential components of stress responses and yields. Recently, a Wheat Omics database has been developed for wheat which could be used by scientists for further accelerating functional genomics studies. In this review, we have discussed various omics technologies and platforms that have been used in wheat to enhance the understanding of the stress biology of the crop and the molecular mechanisms underlying stress tolerance.
Transform diabetes care with precision medicine
(2023-10) Kannan, S; Chellappan, D; Kow, C; Pandey, M
Abstract Background and Aims: Diabetes is a global concern. This article took a closer look at diabetes and precision medicine. Methods: A literature search of studies related to the use of precision medicine in diabetes care was conducted in various databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus). Results: Precision medicine encompasses the integration of a wide array of personal data, including clinical, lifestyle, genetic, and various biomarker information. Its goal is to facilitate tailored treatment approaches using contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic techniques that specifically target patients based on their genetic makeup, molecular markers, phenotypic traits, or psychosocial characteristics. This article not only highlights significant advancements but also addresses key challenges, particularly focusing on the technologies that contribute to the realization of personalized and precise diabetes care. Conclusion: For the successful implementation of precision diabetes medicine, collaboration and coordination among multiple stakeholders are crucial.
The neglected continuously emerging Marburg virus disease in Africa: A global public health threat
(2023-10) Srivastava, D; Dash, R; Kutikuppala, L; Shanker, P; Sahoo, R
Abstract Background and Aim: Severe viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) is caused by Marburg virus which is a member of the Filoviridae (filovirus) family. Many Marburg virus disease (MVD) outbreaks are reported in five decades. A major notable outbreak with substantial reported cases of infections and deaths was in 2022 in Uganda. The World Health Organisation (WHO) reported MVD outbreak in Ghana in July 2022 following the detection of two probable VHF patients there. Further, the virus was reported from two other African countries, the Equatorial Guinea (February 2023) and Tanzania (March 2023). There have been 35 deaths out of 40 reported cases in Equatorial Guinea, and six of the nine confirmed cases in Tanzania so far. Methods: Data particularly on the several MVD outbreaks as reported from the African countries were searched on various databases including the Pubmed, Scopus, and Web‐of‐science. Also, the primary data and reports from health agencies like the WHO and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC) were evaluated and the efficacy reviewed. Results: Chiroptera in general and bat species like Rousettus aegyptiacus and Hipposideros caffer in particular are natural reservoirs of the Marburg virus. MVD‐ infected nonhuman primate African fruit‐bat and the MVD‐infected humans pose significant risk in human infections. Cross‐border viral transmission and its potential further international ramification concerns raise the risk of its rapid spread and a potential outbreak. Occurrence of MVD is becoming more frequent in Africa with higher case fatality rates. Effective prophylactic and therapeutic interventions to counter this deadly virus are suggested. Conclusion: In the face of the lack of effective therapeutics and preventives against MVD, supportive care is the only available option which contributes to the growing concern and disease severity. In view of the preventive approaches involving effective surveillance and monitoring system following the “One Health” model is extremely beneficial to ensure a healthy world for all, this article aims at emphasizing several MVD outbreaks, epidemiology, zoonosis of the virus, current treatment strategies, risk assessments, and the mitigation strategies against MVD.
The interlink between chrono-nutrition and stunting: current insights and future perspectives
(2023-12) Taslim, N; Samtiya, M
Stunting is the one factor that is responsible for the irretrievable damage to children’s mental and physical health. Stunting imitates chronic undernutrition throughout the most extreme critical stages of growth and development of a child in their early life, and due to that stunted child does not completely develop and are too short for their age. Stunting is mainly linked with brain underdevelopment, along with lifelong damaging consequences, comprising weakened mental and learning capacity, deprived performance in school during childhood, and enhanced risks of nutrition linked to chronic long-lasting ailments, such as diabetes, hypertension, diabesity, and obesity in the future. In this review, the authors mainly summarize the latest studies related to chronic nutrition and how it is related to stunting. Optimal nutrition, particularly during pregnancy and the first 24 months of a child’s life, is crucial in preventing stunting. Circadian rhythms play a significant role in maternal and fetal health, affecting outcomes such as premature birth and stunting. Maintaining a balanced diet, avoiding late night carbohydrate-heavy meals during pregnancy, and promoting breastfeeding align with the body’s biological clock, which can benefit newborns in various ways. Providing dedicated spaces for breastfeeding in public places is important to support infant health.
Rice field snail shell anticancer properties: An exploration opinion
(2023-01) Samtiya, M; Rompas, J; Laatung, S; Gunawan, W
Mollusks, especially Gastropods – which include land, freshwater, and sea snails – are commonly used as traditional medicine and cost-effective food resource (1). Snail meat has beneficial nutritional values as it is high in protein and low in fat (2). Hence markets around Asia, such as Indonesia, China, Taiwan, Japan, and Hongkong, frequently process snail meat into food (3). A type of freshwater snail, Pila ampullacea, is a native mollusk easily found in Southeast Asian rice fields and lakes. Like its fellow gastropods, it contains high nutritional values (100 mg meat: ± 209 kcal calories, ± 18 g protein, 12 mg zinc, 102 mg iron, and 812 mg calcium) (4). Although conventionally consumed as food, Pila ampullacea is also recognized as a crop pest (5). The only component of snails that has been incorporated into food is snail meat (6, 7). As their consumption rises, snail shells are less explored functionally and become animal feed material, accessories, and waste products with low economic value (1). Calcium carbonate constitutes 87-96% of the total weight of freshwater snail shells (8). High dietary calcium intake is clinically protective against multiple chronic diseases, including lowering the risks of developing cancer (9, 10). Calcium carbonate is also the primary material used to synthesize hydroxyapatite, a biocompatible material with high binding activity to proteins and genetic materials.
Reference Guided De Novo Genome Assembly of Transformation Pliable Solanum lycopersicum cv. Pusa Ruby
(2023-02) Deshmukh, R; Vats, S; Kumar, V; Mandlik, R
Solanum lycopersicum cv. Pusa Ruby (PR) is a superior tomato cultivar routinely used as a model tomato variety. Here, we report a reference-guided genome assembly for PR, covering 97.6% of the total single-copy genes in the solanales order. The PR genome contains 34,075 genes and 423,288 variants, out of which 127,131 are intragenic and 1232 are of high impact. The assembly was packaged according to PanSol guidelines (N50 = 60,396,827) with the largest scaffold measuring 85 megabases. The similarity of the PR genome assembly to Heinz1706, M82, and Fla.8924 was measured and the results suggest PR has the lowest affinity towards the hybrid Fla.8924. We then analyzed the regeneration efficiency of PR in comparison to another variety, Pusa Early Dwarf (PED). PR was found to have a high regeneration rate (45.51%) and therefore, we performed allele mining for genes associated with regeneration and found that only AGAMOUS-LIKE15 has a null mutation. Further, allele mining for fruit quality-related genes was also executed. The PR genome has an Ovate mutation leading to round fruit shape, causing economically undesirable fruit cracking. This genomic data can be potentially used for large scale crop improvement programs as well as functional annotation studies.
Recent Trends in the Design, Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Covalent Organic Frameworks
(2022-12) Kaur, G; Kumar, D; Kumar, P
The most recent and advanced class of crystalline and permeable compounds are covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Due to their exceptional qualities, such as their porous structure, high surface area, strong chemical and thermal stabilities, low density, good water stability, luminescent nature, and so on, COFs have seen remarkable growth over the past ten years. COFs have been successfully researched for a number of applications based on these characteristics. The current state of COFs has been reported in this study, with particular attention paid to their design, topology, synthesis, and a variety of biological applications, including drug delivery systems, photodynamic and photothermal therapy, biosensing, bioimaging, etc. Moreover, several miscellaneous applications, such as catalysis, gas storage and separation, photocatalysis, sensors, solar cells, supercapacitors, and 3D printers, have also been explored. It is significant that we have examined current research on COFs with a focus on the biological applications, which are infrequently covered in the literature. Descriptions of the difficulties and prospective outcomes have also been given.
Recent advances in nanotechnology for the improvement of conventional agricultural systems: A review
(2023-05) Yadav, N; Garg, V; Chhillar, A; Rana, J
Agriculture provides food and raw materials for the construction, energy, textile and pharmaceutical industries. Recently, agriculture is facing several concerns including climate change, soil degradation, decreasing land holding, urbanization, unsustainable use of natural resources, excessive use of agrochemicals, biodiversity loss, air pollution etc. are some of alarming issues which demand immediate interventions. Conventional agricultural practices could not handle these challenges as they are complex, labour intensive, time-consuming, less efficient, large requirements of crop nutrients and non-targeted. Furthermore, the inefficient use of agrochemicals poses a serious threat to the ecosystem. Therefore, scientists, farmers and policymakers are constantly searching for new techniques to combat existing challenges. Nanotechnology is emerging as the new savior of sustainable agriculture. Besides precision farming, nanosensors have been employed for the detection of crop pathogens and chemically harmful analytes in agri-fields. Moreover, nanorobotics and nano-barcodes have also shown a profound impact on agriculture practices to enhance the yield of agriculture. Further, tremendous applications of nanotools in agriculture are extensively im plicated in bioimaging, sensing, photocatalysis and agrochemicals delivery. This review comprehensively discusses diverse tremendous applications of nanotechnology in overcoming the challenges of conventional agronomic prac tices and future prospects of nanotechnology in agriculture.
Rapid detection of the adulterants in milk using gamma radiation
(2023-05) Chakraborty, M; Budhwar, S; Kumar, S
Milk and dairy adulteration practice nowadays is becoming a global concern. The present study discloses the role of gamma irradiation as a cost-effective and rapid-detection approach to detect adulterants in milk instead of using expensive and time-consuming chemical-based methods. In the present study, synthetic milk samples were prepared using different common adulterants (vegetable oil, urea, water) and a comparative analysis has been done with market milk samples along with fresh milk based upon the attenuation property. The obtained linear attenuation coefficient decreases significantly (p < 0.05) with the increasing concentration of adulterants in sample. The recorded attenuation coefficient for fresh milk was 0.379 ± 0.04 and that of adulterated samples found to be in the range of 0.296–0.188. Moreover, different protein coagulation patterns of the heat-processed milk samples were detected. The coagulated protein of adulterated milk shows a granular texture. The attenu ation coefficient of milk samples decreases with the gradual increase of adulterants. The correlation between the attenuation coefficient and adulterants in milk indicated the possible use of gamma radiation as a significant adulterant-detection method.
Protective effect of ellagic acid on erythrocytes subjected to oxidative stress during human ageing
(2023-03) Deepika; Maurya, P
In the present study, the potential role of ellagic acid on various biomarkers of oxidative stress during human ageing has been studied. The study was carried out on 75 healthy individuals of both sexes. They were divided into three age groups viz., young (<36 years; n=23; male=13, female=10), middle (36-60 years; n=38; male=25, female=13), and old (>60 years; n=14; male=8, female=6). The oxidative stress was induced by using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). In each age group, erythrocytes were incubated with ellagic acid (final concentration 10-5M). The result demonstrated a significant (P <0.01) decrease in total antioxidant potential in terms of FRAP value during ageing. A significant (P <0.05) in vitro protective effect of ellagic acid on malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels on erythrocytes against oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide has been reported. The study was performed on erythrocytes of different age groups. The findings suggest a possible role of ellagic acid as an anti-ageing compound.
Production of ethanol, lipid and lactic acid from mixed agrowastes hydrolysate
(2023) Singh, J; Sharma, A; Sharma, P; Tomar, G
To combat the shortage of single agro-residue and overcome the problem of seasonal availability, it is beneficial to use mixture of ligno cellulosic biomasses. In the present study, efforts were made to use mixed lignocellulosic biomass for production of bioethanol, along with microbial lipids and lactic acid. Upon enzymatic hydrolysis of mixed biomass at varied proportions it was observed that mixture of paddy straw and jute in the ratio 3:1 resulted in best sugar yield (41.50 g/L) at 10% substrate loading. Ethanolic fermentation of mixed substrate hydrolysate by thermotolerant yeast, Saccharomyces cerevi siae JRC6 resulted in 8.39 g/L of ethanol. To maintain sustainability and economic impact, oleaginous yeast (Trichosporon mycotoxinivor ans S2) and lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum LP-9) were used for lipid production (14.5 g/L) and lactic acid production (11.08 g/L), respectively. Therefore, this study explored the potential of mixed lignocellulosic biomass to be exploited for production of various value-added products.
Pinpointing Genomic Regions and Candidate Genes Associated with Seed Oil and Protein Content in Soybean through an Integrative Transcriptomic and QTL Meta-Analysis
(2022-12) Kumar, V; Goyal, V; Mandlik, R; Deshmukh, R
Soybean with enriched nutrients has emerged as a prominent source of edible oil and protein. In the present study, a meta-analysis was performed by integrating quantitative trait loci (QTLs) information, region-specific association and transcriptomic analysis. Analysis of about a thousand QTLs previously identified in soybean helped to pinpoint 14 meta-QTLs for oil and 16 meta-QTLs for protein content. Similarly, region-specific association analysis using whole genome re-sequenced data was performed for the most promising meta-QTL on chromosomes 6 and 20. Only 94 out of 468 genes related to fatty acid and protein metabolic pathways identified within the meta QTL region were found to be expressed in seeds. Allele mining and haplotyping of these selected genes were performed using whole genome resequencing data. Interestingly, a significant haplotypic association of some genes with oil and protein content was observed, for instance, in the case of FAD2- 1B gene, an average seed oil content of 20.22% for haplotype 1 compared to 15.52% for haplotype 5 was observed. In addition, the mutation S86F in the FAD2-1B gene produces a destabilizing effect of (∆∆G Stability) −0.31 kcal/mol. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the tissue-specific expression of candidate genes. Based on their higher expression in seed developmental stages, genes such as sugar transporter, fatty acid desaturase (FAD), lipid transporter, major facilitator protein and amino acid transporter can be targeted for functional validation. The approach and information generated in the present study will be helpful in the map-based cloning of regulatory genes, as well as for marker-assisted breeding in soybean.
Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds
(2023-07) Sharma, K; Agarwal, A; Kumar, T
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and chia (Salvia hispanica) are essential traditional crops with excellent nutritional properties. Quinoa is known for its high and good quality protein content and nine essential amino acids vital for an individual’s development and growth, whereas chia seeds contain high dietary fiber content, calories, lipids, minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, and zinc), and vitamins (A and B complex). Chia seeds are also known for their presence of a high amount of omega-3 fatty acids. Both quinoa and chia seeds are gluten-free and provide medicinal properties due to bioactive compounds, which help combat various chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic diseases such as cancer. Quinoa seeds possess phenolic compounds, particularly kaempferol, which can help prevent cancer. Many food products can be developed by fortifying quinoa and chia seeds in different concentrations to enhance their nutritional profile, such as extruded snacks, meat products, etc. Furthermore, it highlights the value-added products that can be developed by including quinoa and chia seeds, alone and in combination. This review focused on the recent development in quinoa and chia seeds nutritional, bioactive properties, and processing for potential human health and therapeutic applications.
Nano-Conjugated Food-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides As Natural Biopreservatives: A Review of Technology and Applications
(2023-01) Singh, B; Rohit; Manju, K; Sharma, R
In recent years, microbial food safety has garnered a lot of attention due to worldwide expansion of the food industry and processed food products. This has driven the development of novel preservation methods over traditional ones. Food-derived antimicrobial peptides (F-AMPs), produced by the proteolytic degradation of food proteins, are emerging as pragmatic alternatives for extension of the shelf-life of food products. The main benefits of F-AMPs are their wide spectrum antimicrobial efficacy and low propensity for the development of antibiotic resistance. However, direct application of F-AMPs in food limits its efficacy during storage. Therefore, the development of nanocarriers for the conjugation and distribution of potential AMPs may hold great potential to increase their bioactivity. This review highlights the significance of F-AMPs as a feasible and sustainable alternative to conventional food preservatives. The most recent developments in pro duction, characterization, and mode of action of these AMPs against planktonic and biofilm forming pathogens are thoroughly discussed in this work. Moreover, nano-conjugation of F-AMPs with differ ent nano-carriers and potential future application in food packaging are emphasized. This review may aid in comprehending the nano-conjugation of F-AMPs and offer insightful recommendations for further exploration and potential uses in the food processing industry.
Multivariate analysis of structural and functional properties of fbres from apple pomace using diferent extraction methods
(2023-02) Goel, G; Singh, B
In recent years, diets rich in fbres have become more popular due to their well-documented benefcial health efects. This has driven exploration of novel dietary fbres from various bioresources. Apple pomace, an industrial waste rich in fbres was used in this study to extract the insoluble dietary fbres. The efect of various extraction methods (hot water, acid, and alkali) on the physico-chemical, structural and functional properties, and prebiotic activity of dietary fbres was evaluated. Hot water extraction resulted in highest yield of dietary fbres in comparison to other methods (p<0.05). All the fractions resulted in diferent organization of fbrous components as depicted by scanning electron micrographs, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Difraction (XRD) pattern and Thermo Gravimet ric Analysis (TGA). The acid extracted fbre fraction was observed to be amorphous with loose and porous structure whereas the alkali extracted fraction was more thermal stable based on TGA profle. Among the functional proper ties, acid extracted dietary fbres fraction possessed highest water and oil holding capacity (p<0.05). The hot water extracted dietary fraction resulted in maximum increase in viable cell count of standard probiotic strains Lactobacillus sporogenes and Streptococcus faecalis. The Principal Component Analysis revealed that acid extracted fraction pos sessed better functional activity which also correlates with the structural properties whereas for prebiotic activities, the fbre obtained from hot water extraction method served the best method. These results indicate that dietary fbres extracted through hot water can be employed as a potential prebiotic substrate for the probiotic cultures and could be further explored in foods to improve textural, functional, and bioactive properties of foods.
Milk‑Derived Antimicrobial Peptides: Overview, Applications, and Future Perspectives
(2022-11) Singh, A; Duche, R; Sian, J; Panwar, H
The growing consumer awareness towards healthy and safe food has reformed food processing strategies. Nowadays, food processors are aiming at natural, efective, safe, and low-cost substitutes for enhancing the shelf life of food products. Milk, besides being a rich source of nutrition for infants and adults, serves as a readily available source of precious functional peptides. Due to the existence of high genetic variability in milk proteins, there is a great possibility to get bioactive peptides with varied properties. Among other bioactive agents, milk-originated antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are gaining interest as attractive and safe additive conferring extended shelf life to minimally processed foods. These peptides display broad spectrum antagonistic activity against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoans. Microbial proteolytic activity, extracellular peptidases, food-grade enzymes, and recombinant DNA technology application are among few strategies to tailor specifc peptides from milk and enhance their production. These bioprotective agents have a promising future in addressing the global concern of food safety along with the possibility to be incorporated into the food matrix without compromising overall consumer acceptance. Additionally, in conformity to the current consumer demands, these AMPs also possess functional properties needed for value addition. This review attempts to present the basic properties, synthesis approaches, action mechanism, current status, and prospects of antimicrobial peptide application in food, dairy, and pharma industry along with their role in ensuring the safety and health of consumers.
Knowledge and Attitude toward Antibiotic Use and Identification of Financially FeasibleOptions toCurb the Spread of Antibiotics in Environment
(2023-12) Krishna, M; Makwana, N; Puri, S
A survey on antibiotic literacy in terms of the use and abuse of antibiotics to track and understand antibiotic consumption is crucial to optimize the use of antibiotics and minimizing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Purposive random sampling, using the snow-ball questionnaire technique, was adopted to ensure that the respondents distributed across India, coming from rural and urban settings, were adolescents as well as adults and had completed at least the higher secondary school level of education. Respondents were divided into fve subcategories. Te questionnaire was distributed between April 2021 and July 2021, during the second COVID-19 wave in India. Te survey questionnaire included 34 questions, comprising multiple-choice and 5-point Likert scale-type questions. Tis study composed of 972 respondents. Most respondents considered antibiotics safe and frequently failed to discriminate between the symptoms of bacterial and viral infections, most often leading to self-prescription. About 34% of the rural participants and 50% of the urban participants considered antibiotic resistance a serious health concern. Antibiotic prescriptions by the medical or paramedical practitioner were largely empirical. At least 95% of participants acknowledged having heard about antibiotics; nearly 20% of antibiotic consumption came from nonprescription users, while 30% had not completed their antibiotic therapy for a variety of reasons. Sixty two percent consumed antibiotics to treat cold and fu symptoms. Results from the survey suggest the presence of a crucial gap between the respondents’ perception of antibiotics and levels of information regarding antibiotic use and misuse.Te present study may serve as a benchmark that strongly recommends a fnancially feasible policy, which includes educating society regarding the spread of AMR and its severe consequences by incorporating AMR into the curriculum at the levels of senior secondary school and higher education.
Integrated network pharmacology and in-silico approaches to decipher the pharmacological mechanism of Selaginella tamariscina in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer
(2023-01) Gupta, M; Kumar, S; Kumar, S
Background and purpose: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major pathological type of lung cancer and accounts for more than 80% of all cases. In healthcare management, it is challenging to understand the mech anism of NSCLC due to diverse spectra and the limited number of reported data. Selaginella tamariscina is an evergreen perennial plant, hermaphrodite, and used to treat numerous diseases, including NSCLC. In vitro research revealed the therapeutic importance of S. tamariscina in contrast to NSCLC, but the molecular mecha nism is still unclear. In the present study, a network pharmacology technique was employed to uncover the active ingredients, their potential targets, and signaling pathways in S. tamariscina for the treatment of NSCLC. Methods: Putative ingredients of S. tamariscina and significant genes of NSCLC were retrieved from the public database after screening. The overlapped targets among S. tamariscina related compounds and NSCLC were predicted using Venn plot. Following that, a compound-target-disease network was constructed using Cytoscape to decipher the mechanism of S. tamariscina for NSCLC. KEGG pathway and GO enrichment analysis were per formed to investigate the molecular mechanisms and pathways related to S. tamariscina for NSCLC treatments. Lastly, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation analysis were performed to validate the interaction that exists between compounds and target proteins. Results: The findings of the current analysis explored the compound–target–pathway network and figured out that Hinokiflavone, Heveaflavone, Neocryptomerin, Isocryptomerin, Apigenin, Sotetsuflavone, and Cryptomerin B decisively contributed to the development of NSCLC by affecting AKT1, EGFR, VEGFA, and GCK3B genes. Later, molecular docking and simulation analysis was conducted to validate the successful activity of the active compounds against potential targets. Lastly, it is concluded that predicted multi-target compounds of S. tamariscina will help in improving the body’s sensitivity to NSCLC by regulating the expression of AKT1, EGFR, VEGFA, and GCK3B, which may act as potential therapeutic targets of NSCLC. Conclusion: Integrated network pharmacology and docking analysis revealed that S. tamariscina exerted a promising preventive effect on NSCLC by acting on diabetes-associated signaling pathways. The current findings propose that AKT1, VEGFA, EGFR, and GSK3B genes are promising and viable therapeutic targets to reduce the incidence of NSCLC, thereby exerting potential therapeutic effects in NSCLC. This approach introduces a groundwork for further research on the protective mechanisms of S. tamariscina for NSCLC and applications of network pharmacology in drug discovery.
Integrated analysis of transcriptomic and small RNA sequencing data provides miRNA candidates for engineering agronomically important seed traits in Brassica juncea
(2023-11) Jain, R; Dhaka, N; Yadav, P; Sharma, M
Brassica juncea L. is an important oilseed crop that yields edible oil and biofuel. Improving B. juncea seed traits is a primary breeding target, but these traits are genetically complex. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate seed devel opment by modulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional or translational level and are excellent can didates for improving seed traits. However, the roles of miRNAs in B. juncea seed development are yet to be investigated. Here, we report small RNA profiling and miRNA identification from developing seeds of two contrasting varieties of B. juncea, Early Heera2 (EH2) and Pusa Jaikisan (PJK). We identified 326 miRNAs, including 127 known and 199 novel miRNAs, of which 103 exhibited inter-varietal differential expression. Integrating miRNAome and our previous transcriptome data identified 13,683 putative miRNA-target modules. Segregation of differentially expressed miRNAs into different groups based on variety-wise upregulation, fol lowed by comprehensive functional analysis of targets using pathway mapping, gene ontology, transcription factor mapping, and candidate gene analysis, revealed at least 11, 6, and 7 miRNAs as robust candidates for the regulation of seed size, seed coat color, and oil content, respectively. Further, co-localization with previously reported quantitative trait loci (QTL) proffered 29 and 15 miRNAs overlapping with seed weight and oil content QTLs, respectively. Our study is the first comprehensive report of miRNAome expression dynamics from developing seeds and provides candidate miRNAs and target genes for engineering seed traits in B. juncea.
Insights into the mechanism of mycelium transformation of Streptomyces toxytricini into pellet
(2023-08) Kumar, P; Khushboo; Rajput, D; Dubey, K
Formation of the mycelial pellet in submerged cultivation of Streptomycetes is unwanted in industrial fermentation processes as it imposes mass transfer limitations, changes in the rheology of a medium, and affects the production of secondary metabolites. Though detailed information is not available about the factors involved in regulating mycelial morphology, it is studied that culture conditions and the genetic information of strain play a crucial role. Moreover,the proteomic study has revealed the involvement of low molecular weight proteins such as; DivIVA, FilP, ParA, Scy, and SsgA proteins in apical growth and branching of hyphae, which results in the establishment of the mycelial network. The present study proposes the mechanism of pellet formation of Streptomyces toxytricini (NRRL B-5426) with the help of microscopic and proteomic analysis. The microscopic analysis revealed that growing hyphae contain a bud like structure behind the apical tip, which follows a certain organized path of growth and branching, which was further converted into the pellet when shake flask to the shake flask inoculation was performed. Proteomic analysis revealed the production of low molecular weight proteins ranging between 20 and 95 kDa, which are involved in apical growth and hyphae branching and can possibly participate in the regulation of pellet morphology.

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