School of Interdisciplinary & Applied Sciences

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1,2,3-Triazole β-lactam conjugates as antimicrobial agents
(Helion, 2020) Kumar, Antresh
2-Deoxy-D-Glucose: A Novel Pharmacological Agent for Killing Hypoxic Tumor Cells, Oxygen Dependence-Lowering in Covid-19, and Other Pharmacological Activities
(2023-03) Singh, R; Gupta, V; Kumar, A; Singh, K
Te nonmetabolizable glucose analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) has shown promising pharmacological activities, including inhibition of cancerous cell growth and N-glycosylation. It has been used as a glycolysis inhibitor and as a potential energy restriction mimetic agent, inhibiting pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Radioisotope derivatives of 2-DG have applications as tracers. Recently, 2-DG has been used as an anti-COVID-19 drug to lower the need for supplemental oxygen. In the present review, various pharmaceutical properties of 2-DG are discussed.
Abiotic stress tolerance and antifungal activities of rhizobacteria for the management of soil-borne pathogens
(14-05) Poria, V; Jhilta, P; Kumar, S; Kumar, P
Cotton production is negatively affected by both biotic (diseases and insects) and abiotic (high temperature, salinity, water deficit, and extreme pH) factors. Soil-borne diseases, especially wilts and rots, significantly reduce cotton yield. Thus, we aimed to isolate and identify multi-stress tolerant bacterial antagonistic agents (AGAs) against two major soil-borne pathogens, Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum. A total of 132 isolates with distinct morphologies were recovered from 25 different rhizospheric soil samples of cotton. A dual culture plate and broth assay confirmed the antagonistic activity of the isolates against these phytopathogens. Four selected AGAs thrived in salt stress induced by different NaCl concentrations, up to 1.71 M, except for isolate 62, which survived up to 0.85 M. Under osmotic stress, all the AGAs were tolerant of up to − 1.03 MPa. Similarly, all the AGAs were able to survive over a temperature range of 20–50 ◦C except for isolate 62, which survived up to 45 ◦C and was regarded as thermotolerant. All four AGAs were able to grow at pH values ranging from 5 to 9. AGA 18 and S46-7 survived under highly acidic conditions (pH 4). These multi-stress tolerant AGAs also exhibited different plant growth-promoting activities, such as mineral solubilization, ACC-deaminase production, and IAA production. Molecular identification revealed the following AGAs: Bacillus siamensis SSVP1 (18), Bacillus halotolerans SSVP2 (34), Pseudomonas aeruginosa SSVP3 (62), and Bacillus tequilensis SSVP4 (S46-7). AGAs with multiple stress tolerance traits can serve as potential biocontrol agents in the field to reduce pesticide consumption in cotton-growing areas.
Adaptogenic property of Asparagus racemosus: Future trends and prospects
(2023-04) Singh, N; Garg, M; Prajapati, P; SIngh, P
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multimodal neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative illness characterized by anhedonia, continued melancholy, dysfunctional circadian rhythm and many other behavioral infirmities. Depression is also associated with somatic ailments such as car diometabolic diseases. The existing and upcoming hypotheses have succeeded in explaining the pathophysiology of depression. Only a few of the most validated theories, such as hyperactivity of the HPA axis, activated inflammatory-immune response, and monoaminergic and GABAergic deficit hypotheses, have been discussed in this review. So, an effective and safer alternative approach beyond symptomatic relief has been desired. Therefore, botanical products have steadily been probed to strengthen the modern medicinal system as a promising medicament. In this line, Asparagus racemosus Willd. belongs to Asparagaceace family is the well-documented adaptogen cited in the ancient texts namely, Ayurvedic, Greek, and Chinese medicine system. The whole plant possesses pleiotropic therapeutic activity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, nootropic, antidepressant, etc., without showing any remarkable side effects. The literature review has also suggested that A. racemosus administration at varied levels alleviates depression by modulating the HPA axis, increasing BDNF levels, and monoaminergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Alongside, spikes the level of antioxidant enzymes, SOD, GSH peroxidase, GSH, and catalase in distinct brain regions (i.e., hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus) and promote neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Thus, it could be a new generation antidepressant that provides relief from both behavioral and somatic illness. The review first describes the plant characteristics, then discusses the hypotheses associated with the pathogenesis of depression, and gives an insight into A. racemosus antidepressant properties and the underlying mechanism.
Advanced strategies for development of vaccines against human bacterial pathogens
(World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2021) Yadav, Pooja
Advances in aggregation induced emission (AIE) materials in biosensing and imaging of bacteria
(2021) Maruthi, M; Kalangi, S
With their ubiquitous nature, bacteria have had a significant impact on human health and evolution. Though as commensals residing in/on our bodies several bacterial com munities support our health in many ways, bacteria remain one of the major causes of infectious diseases that plague the human world. Adding to this, emergence of antibi otic resistant strains limited the use of available antibiotics. The current available tech niques to prevent and control such infections remain insufficient. This has been proven during oneofgreatest pandemicofourgeneration,COVID-19.It hasbeenobservedthat bacterial coinfections were predominantly observed in COVID-19 patients, despite anti biotic treatment. Such higher rates of coinfections in critical patients even after antibi otic treatment is a matter of concern. Owing to many reasons across the world drug resistance in bacteria is posing a major problem i. According to Center for Disease control (CDC) antibiotic report threats (AR), 2019 more than 2.8 million antibiotic resis tant cases were reported, and more than 35,000 were dead among them in USA alone. In both normal and pandemic conditions, failure of identifying infectious agent has played a major role. This strongly prompts the need to improve upon the existing tech niques to not just effective identification of an unknown bacterium, but also to discrim inate normal Vs drug resistant strains. New techniques based on Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE) are not only simple and rapid but also have high accuracy to visualize infection and differentiate many strains of bacteria based on biomolecular variations which has been discussed in this chapter.
Aesculus indica: an updated review on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological profile
(EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES, 2022) Jangra, Ashok
Albomycin Uptake via a Ferric Hydroxamate Transport System of Streptococcus pneumoniae R6
(JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, 2006-06) Pramanik, Avijit
Amla (Emblica officinalis) alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats
(2024-11) Arora, M; Singh, M; Tomar, R; Singh, L; Jangra, A
Introduction: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used anticancer drug known for its significant cardiotoxic and nephrotoxic effects. Seeking remedies to mitigate these adverse effects is crucial. This study investigates the potential of Emblica officinalis (Amla) extract, a prominent component in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine systems, in alleviating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Methods: DOX (20 mg/kg i.p., once) was given to rats to cause acute cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Rats received 16 similar and cumulative doses of DOX (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.) on alternate days for chronic cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Biochemical and histological evaluations were done to confirm the onset of cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Results: The cardioprotective and nephroprotective effects of Amla extract (AE) (150 mg/kg p.o. and 300 mg/kg p.o) were evaluated in comparison to Vitamin E (25 mg/kg p.o.). The treatment with AE (300 mg/kg/day, p.o.) considerably prevented DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and oxidative stress by positively altering the integrity of glomeruli, restoring the tissue GSH and decreasing serum TBARS. AE (300 mg/kg) was found to be more cardioprotective and nephroprotective than Vitamin E (25 mg/kg p.o.). Discussion: It may be concluded that the induction of cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats may be due to DOX-induced oxidative stress, and chronic treatment with AE (300 mg/kg) is an effective way to alleviate the cardiotoxic and nephrotoxic adverse effects of DOX in rats. Moreover, given Amla’s historical and contemporary significance in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine systems, its potential therapeutic role merits further exploration in clinical settings.
Anaerobic degradation of tannins in Acacia nilotica pods by Enterococcus faecalis in co-culture with ruminal microbiota
(Applied Microbiology, Molecular and Cellular Biosciences Research Foundation, 2015) Beniwal, Vikash
Analysis of gut bacteriome of in utero arsenic exposed mice using 16S rRNA based metagenomic approach
(2023-09) Shukla, S; Srivastava, A; Verma, D; Gangopadhyay, S; Chauhan, A; Srivastava, V; Budhwar, S
Analysis of gut bacteriome of in utero arsenic-exposed mice using 16S rRNA-based metagenomic approach
(2023-09) Shukla, S; Srivastava, A; Verma, D; Gangopadhyay, S
Introduction: Approximately 200 million people worldwide are affected by arsenic toxicity emanating from the consumption of drinking water containing inorganic arsenic above the prescribed maximum contaminant level. The current investigation deals with the role of prenatal arsenic exposure in modulating the gut microbial community and functional pathways of the host. Method: 16S rRNA-based next-generation sequencing was carried out to understand the effects of in utero 0.04 mg/kg (LD) and 0.4 mg/kg (HD) of arsenic exposure. This was carried out from gestational day 15 (GD-15) until the birth of pups to understand the alterations in bacterial diversity. Results: The study focused on gestational exposure to arsenic and the altered gut microbial community at phyla and genus levels, along with diversity indices. A significant decrease in firmicutes was observed in the gut microbiome of mice treated with arsenic. Functional analysis revealed that a shift in genes involved in crucial pathways such as insulin signaling and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathways may lead to metabolic diseases in the host.
Analyzing optimal muscle dynamics during handstands: a comprehensive investigation of skilled gymnasts
(2024-04) Singh, R; Periyasamy, K; L, Ajithkumar
This study aimed to evaluate the muscle dynamics involved in single and double-arm handstands performed by five skilled gymnasts, with a mean age of 23.6 ± 1.94 years. Myoware Muscle Sensor (AT-04-001) (MMS) signals were collected from three key upper limb muscles: Wrist Flexor (WF), Triceps Brachii (TB), and Lateral Deltoid (LD), all on the dominant side of the body. To facilitate data collection and processing, Internet of Things (IoT) programs were employed, utilizing Arduino IDE and Python 3.10.0 applications to connect the NodeMCU (ESP8266) via server and client code. The NodeMCU's display frequency range was set at 0–1024 Hz, with a Baud (Bd) rate of 9600 in Arduino, which is a crucial parameter for visualizing the data accurately. It continuously reads the serial and plotter monitor signals from the MMS through the A0 pin. The processed data was transmitted wirelessly by the NodeMCU, displayed on a monitor, and recorded for analysis. Participants executed three trials of their maximum handstand performance on the floor; the gymnasts peak level of 15 seconds performance was used for analysis (i.e., the middle time of the best trial; e.g., maximum performance was 45 seconds in this 16–30sec used). The observed muscle stimulation range was from a minimum of 109617 Hz to a maximum of 151292 Hz. Overall, one-arm handstands (52.79%) demonstrated better muscle activation than double-arm handstands (47.21%). The analysis revealed a statistically significant positive Correlation (r) and Probability (p) between the WF and LD (r = 0.870, p = 0.001). However, no significant correlations were observed between the WF and the TB (r = 0.507, p = 0.134) or the TB and the LD (r = 0.491, p = 0.150). To conclude, despite comparable inter-muscle contributions, the study suggests a significant association between WF and LD. Future research can build on these findings, exploring additional muscle groups and refining training protocols for performance optimization and injury prevention. This study encourages broader investigations, including more muscles in the upper and lower body, with advanced research laboratories and larger sample sizes.
Analyzing the emerging patterns of SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron subvariants for the development of next‐gen vaccine: An observational study
(2023-09) Mohapatra, R; Mishra, S; Kandi, V; Branda, F
Abstract Background and Aim: Understanding the prevalence and impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants has assumed paramount importance. This study statistically analyzed to effectively track the emergence and spread of the variants and highlights the importance of such investigations in developing potential next‐gen vaccine to combat the continuously emerging Omicron subvariants. Methods: Transmission fitness advantage and effective reproductive number (Re) of epidemiologically relevant SARS‐CoV‐2 sublineages through time during the study period based on the GISAID data were estimated. Results: The analyses covered the period from January to June 2023 around an array of sequenced samples. The dominance of the XBB variant strain, accounting for approximately 57.63% of the cases, was identified during the timeframe. XBB.1.5 exhibited 37.95% prevalence rate from March to June 2023. Multiple variants showed considerable global influence throughout the study, as sporadically documented. Notably, the XBB variant demonstrated an estimated relative 28% weekly growth advantage compared with others. Numerous variants were resistant to the over‐the‐counter vaccines and breakthrough infections were reported. Similarly, the efficacy of mAB‐based therapy appeared limited. However, it's important to underscore the perceived benefits of these preventive and therapeutic measures were restricted to specific variants. Conclusion: Given the observed trends, a comprehensive next‐gen vaccine coupled with an advanced vaccination strategy could be a potential panacea in the fight against the pandemic. The findings suggest that targeted vaccine development could be an effective strategy to prevent infections. The study also highlights the need of global collaborations to rapidly develop and distribute the vaccines to ensure global human health.
Anti-fertility and abortifacient activity of hydroalcoholic fruit pulp extract of Tamarindus indica
(2023-11) Kaur, M; Rana, A; Kumar, S; Kumari, B
ABSTRACT Background: Medicinal plants have been widely used for treatment and management of various diseases. There are many different types of commercialized synthetic contraceptives on the market today for controlling fertility, these cannot be utilized since they have serious side effects such weight gain, hormonal alterations, hyperten sion, and cancer . In India, indigenous women from Tripura & Maharashtra have historically utilized the fruit pulp of Tamarindus Indicus to induce abortion. However, there is currently no accessible scientific data sup porting the use of this plant for fertility control. Methods: The current study’s objective was to evaluate the hydroalcoholic extract of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp’s ability to induce abortion in female Wistar rats. In this experimental animal model, contraceptive activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Tamarindus indica (HAETI) was evaluated for anti-implantation, abortifacient, and estrogenic/antiestrogenic action. Female rats having ovariectomies were given HAETI extract (500 mg/kg) for 7 straight days to test to evaluate the estrogenic/anti-estrogenic action. All animals were killed on the eighth day, and the blood serum was then processed to determine the levels of several hormones, including LH, FSH, pro lactin, estrogen, and others, as well as biochemical markers including cholesterol, total protein, glycogen, and alkaline phosphates. In this model, modifications to uterine histoarchitecture were also investigated. The extract was administered from the 1 to7 day of pregnancy. On 10th day, laparotomy was performed to evaluate the no. of implants in female rats. Results: Steroids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids were detected during phytochemical analysis of the extract. the HAETI extract demonstrated significant anti-implantation and abortifacient effects. Additionally, the extract demonstrated significant estrogenic activity as evident by uterine histological parameters including in creases in endometrium thickness and height, vaginal cornification. Further, the study found marked increases in glycogen, alkaline phosphate, estrogen, cholesterol levels when given alone or in combination with estradiol valerate. LH, FSH, and a little increase in prolactin levels were suppressed after HAETI administration. Conclusions: Our study’s findings showed that Tamarindus indica fruit pulp hydroalcoholic extract has a potent contraceptive effect, which may be explained by the phytoconstituents of the plant’s capacity to inhibit im plantation and have an estrogenic effect. Further investigation on Tamarindus indica as a potential natural anti implantation agent allow for new abortive drug.
Anti-noncommunicable diseases attributes of pineapple (Ananas comosus): a concise review
(2022-11) Kumalawati, D.A.; Nurkolis, F.; Wewengkang, D.S.; Permatasari, H.K.; Rotinsulu, H.; Taslim, N.A.; Joseph, V; Samtiya, M
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical fruit that is numerous in Indonesia. This fruit can be processed into various processed food products. This author writes this article to find out the potential of pineapple as a food product that can be anti-noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, obesity, oxidative stress, and cancer. This article is written using the narrative review method where data are collected from literature studies, namely articles in journals, books, and other literature-based online on database portals and leading search engines such as PUBMED and NCBI, the official website of the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) and the European Phenols Explorer. The collected data are then analyzed, synthesized, discussed in the discussion, and general conclusions are drawn. The findings uncovered that pineapple contains polyphenols and antioxidant components, which are pretty high in concentration and could be useful as anti-NCDs. This fruit also has a proteolytic enzyme, bromelains, which is an immunomodulator against viral infections and diseases. This review concluded that pineapple fruit can be processed into various functional food products through several methods to maintain the content of polyphenols and antioxidants that have anti-NCDs potentials. It is necessary to process or execute this idea to identify and feel its benefits according to the research objectives, and in vivo, clinical trials are needed.
Antibacterial action of acriflavine hydrochloride for eradication of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori
(2020-10) Tehlan, A; Karmakar, B; Paul, S; Kumar, R; Kaur, I
Helicobacter pylori, a type 1 carcinogen, accounts for numerous gastric cancer-related deaths worldwide. Repurposing existing drugs or developing new ones for a combinatorial approach against increasing antimicrobial resistance is the need of the hour. This study highlights the efficacy of acriflavine hydrochloride (ACF-HCl) in inhibiting the growth of H. pylori reference strain and antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates at low concentrations. ACF-HCl inhibits H. pylori growth at MIC value 10 times less than that in Escherichia coli, another Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, ACF-HCl demonstrates synergistic effect with clarithromycin, a commonly used antibiotic against H. pylori. ACF-HCl treatment also eradicates H. pylori infection in the mice model efficiently. Our in vitro data indicate that bacterial membrane is the prime target. The novel action of ACF-HCl against antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates, synergistic effect with the conventional antibiotic clarithromycin and eradication of H. pylori from infected mice highlight the potential of ACF-HCl as a promising therapeutic agent against H. pylori by itself as well as for combinatorial therapy.
Antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence genes of Streptococcus agalactiae serotypes of Indian origin
(2023) Verma, S; Kumari, M; Pathak, A; Yadav, V; Johri, AK; Yadav, P
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a causative agent of various infections in newborns, immunocompro mised (especially diabetic) non-pregnant adults, and pregnant women. Antibiotic resistance profiling can provide insights into the use of antibiotic prophylaxis against potential GBS infections. Virulence factors are responsible for host–bacteria interactions, pathogenesis, and biofilm development strategies. The aim of this study was to deter mine the biofilm formation capacity, presence of virulence genes, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of clinical GBS isolates. Results The resistance rate was highest for penicillin (27%; n = 8 strains) among all the tested antibiotics, which indi cates the emergence of penicillin resistance among GBS strains. The susceptibility rate was highest for ofloxacin (93%; n = 28), followed by azithromycin (90%; n = 27). Most GBS strains (70%; n = 21) were strong biofilm producers and the rest (30%; n = 9) were moderate biofilm producers. The most common virulence genes were cylE (97%), pavA (97%), cfb (93%), and lmb (90%). There was a negative association between having a strong biofilm formation phenotype and penicillin susceptibility, according to Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. Conclusion About a third of GBS strains exhibited penicillin resistance and there was a negative association between having a strong biofilm formation phenotype and penicillin susceptibility. Further, both the strong and moderate biofilm producers carried most of the virulence genes tested for, and the strong biofilm formation phenotype was not associated with the presence of any virulence genes.
Antibiotic resistance, bioflm formation, and virulence genes of Streptococcus agalactiae serotypes of Indian origin
(2023) Verma, S; Kumari, M; Pathak, A; Yadav, V; Johri, A
Abstract Background Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a causative agent of various infections in newborns, immunocompro mised (especially diabetic) non-pregnant adults, and pregnant women. Antibiotic resistance profling can provide insights into the use of antibiotic prophylaxis against potential GBS infections. Virulence factors are responsible for host–bacteria interactions, pathogenesis, and bioflm development strategies. The aim of this study was to deter mine the bioflm formation capacity, presence of virulence genes, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of clinical GBS isolates. Results The resistance rate was highest for penicillin (27%; n=8 strains) among all the tested antibiotics, which indi cates the emergence of penicillin resistance among GBS strains. The susceptibility rate was highest for ofoxacin (93%; n=28), followed by azithromycin (90%; n=27). Most GBS strains (70%; n=21) were strong bioflm producers and the rest (30%; n=9) were moderate bioflm producers. The most common virulence genes were cylE (97%), pavA (97%), cfb (93%), and lmb (90%). There was a negative association between having a strong bioflm formation phenotype and penicillin susceptibility, according to Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. Conclusion About a third of GBS strains exhibited penicillin resistance and there was a negative association between having a strong bioflm formation phenotype and penicillin susceptibility. Further, both the strong and moderate bioflm producers carried most of the virulence genes tested for, and the strong bioflm formation phenotype was not associated with the presence of any virulence genes.
Anticancer and anticholesterol attributes of sea cucumbers: An opinion in terms of functional food applications
(Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022) Salindeho, Netty; Nurkolis, Fahrul; Gunawan, William Ben; Handoko, Matthew Nathaniel; Samtiya, Mrinal; Muliadi, Rendy Dijaya

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