Browsing by Author "Kumar, V"
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Item Current scenario and challenges in recycling of human urine generated at source in rail coaches as resource(2023-07) Dubey, KK; Rajput, D; Baldia, A; Kumar, A; Kumar, V; Yadav, AThe current scenario of human urine being directly discharged into the environment without recycling, despite being an economical source of fertilizer. Train coaches are the major source of large-scale urine waste generation. Adopting a cir cular economy creates significant synergies toward usages of water generated after nutrient recovery from urine. Some advanced decentralized treatment systems, such as electro chemical, bioelectrical, or reverse osmosis, would be useful to treat and recover nutrients from urine waste/wastewater. The laborious and costly affair of removing nutrients like N, P, and K from human urine needed a sustainable solution. These recovered nutrients can be reused as fertilizers in irrigation and, indirectly, in large-scale biodiesel production by being used in microalgae cultivation. However, the potential of reusing human urine waste is yet to be explored commercially. Additionally, artificial intelligence may be explored with sus tainable approaches for urine separation and recycling soon.Item An Efficient Method to Decide the Malicious Traffic: A Voting-Based Efficient Method(2023) Kumar, A; Singh, J; Kumar, VTo address the high rate of false alarms, this article proposed a voting-based method to efficiently predict intrusions in real time. To carry out this study, an intrusion detection dataset from UNSW was downloaded and preprocessed before being used. Given the number of features at hand and the large size of the dataset, performance was poor while accuracy was low. This low prediction accuracy led to the generation of false alerts, consequently, legitimate alerts used to pass without an action assuming them as false. To deal with large size and false alarms, the proposed voting-based feature reduction approach proved to be highly beneficial in reducing the dataset size by selecting only the features secured majority votes. Outcome collected prior to and following the application of the proposed model were compared. The findings reveal that the proposed approach required less time to predict, at the same time predicted accuracy was higher. The proposed approach will be extremely effective at detecting intrusions in real-time environments and mitigating the cyber-attacks.Item Green mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles exhibiting antimalarial activity(2024-07) Shankar, A; Kaushik, N; Kumar, V; Malik, V; Singh, DIn the present study, different parameters, affecting the growth of Thermomyces lanuginosus BJMDU1 and extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), were studied. Culture extract of thermophilic mould Thermomyces lanuginosus BJMDU1 showed potential in green synthesis of silver nanoparticles when the fungus was grown in a sucrose yeast extract medium (pH 8.0) at 45°C. Mycosynthesis of AgNPs was enhanced in the presence of light using 2 mM AgNO3 and 200 µl of culture extract at 50°C. The reaction parameters significantly improved the synthesis of AgNPs. Techniques like UV-Vis & FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering were used to characterise AgNPs. Biogenic nanoparti cles showed an absorption peak at 430 nm having 80 nm size. Biogenic AgNPs showed potent antibacterial and antiplasmodial activity with no haemolysis up to 40 µg/ml. The p-nitrophenol was catalytically reduced to p-aminophenol by AgNPs. Therefore, green mycosynthesised AgNPs could be used in the therapeutics and remediation of environmental pollutants.Item Molecular changes associated with migratory departure from wintering areas in obligate songbird migrants(2021-04) Sharma, A; Singh, D; Gupta, P; Bhardwaj, S; Kaur, I; Kumar, VDay length regulates the development of spring migratory and subsequent reproductive phenotypes in avian migrants. This study used molecular approaches, and compared mRNA and proteome wide expression in captive redheaded buntings that were photostimulated under long-day (LD) conditions for 4 days (early stimulated, LD-eS) or for ∼3 weeks until each bird had shown 4 successive nights of Zugunruhe (stimulated, LD-S); controls were maintained under short days. After ∼3 weeks of LD, photostimulated indices of the migratory preparedness (fattening, weight gain and Zugunruhe) were paralleled with upregulated expression of acc, dgat2 and apoa1 genes in the liver, and of cd36, fabp3 and cpt1 genes in the flight muscle, suggesting enhanced fatty acid (FA) synthesis and transport in the LD-S state. Concurrently, elevated expression of genes involved in the calcium ion signalling and transport (camk1 and atp2a2; camk2a in LD-eS), cellular stress (hspa8 and sod1, not nos2) and metabolic pathways (apoa1 and sirt1), but not of genes associated with migratory behaviour (adcyap1 and vps13a), were found in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). Further, MBH-specific quantitative proteomics revealed that out of 503 annotated proteins, 28 were differentially expressed (LD-eS versus LD-S: 21 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated) and they enriched five physiological pathways that are associated with FA transport and metabolism. Thesefirst comprehensiveresults ongene and protein expression suggest that changes in molecular correlates of FA transport and metabolism may aid the decision for migratory departure from wintering areas in obligate songbird migrants.Item Pinpointing Genomic Regions and Candidate Genes Associated with Seed Oil and Protein Content in Soybean through an Integrative Transcriptomic and QTL Meta-Analysis(2022-12) Kumar, V; Goyal, V; Mandlik, R; Deshmukh, RSoybean with enriched nutrients has emerged as a prominent source of edible oil and protein. In the present study, a meta-analysis was performed by integrating quantitative trait loci (QTLs) information, region-specific association and transcriptomic analysis. Analysis of about a thousand QTLs previously identified in soybean helped to pinpoint 14 meta-QTLs for oil and 16 meta-QTLs for protein content. Similarly, region-specific association analysis using whole genome re-sequenced data was performed for the most promising meta-QTL on chromosomes 6 and 20. Only 94 out of 468 genes related to fatty acid and protein metabolic pathways identified within the meta QTL region were found to be expressed in seeds. Allele mining and haplotyping of these selected genes were performed using whole genome resequencing data. Interestingly, a significant haplotypic association of some genes with oil and protein content was observed, for instance, in the case of FAD2- 1B gene, an average seed oil content of 20.22% for haplotype 1 compared to 15.52% for haplotype 5 was observed. In addition, the mutation S86F in the FAD2-1B gene produces a destabilizing effect of (∆∆G Stability) −0.31 kcal/mol. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the tissue-specific expression of candidate genes. Based on their higher expression in seed developmental stages, genes such as sugar transporter, fatty acid desaturase (FAD), lipid transporter, major facilitator protein and amino acid transporter can be targeted for functional validation. The approach and information generated in the present study will be helpful in the map-based cloning of regulatory genes, as well as for marker-assisted breeding in soybean.Item Reference Guided De Novo Genome Assembly of Transformation Pliable Solanum lycopersicum cv. Pusa Ruby(2023-02) Deshmukh, R; Vats, S; Kumar, V; Mandlik, RSolanum lycopersicum cv. Pusa Ruby (PR) is a superior tomato cultivar routinely used as a model tomato variety. Here, we report a reference-guided genome assembly for PR, covering 97.6% of the total single-copy genes in the solanales order. The PR genome contains 34,075 genes and 423,288 variants, out of which 127,131 are intragenic and 1232 are of high impact. The assembly was packaged according to PanSol guidelines (N50 = 60,396,827) with the largest scaffold measuring 85 megabases. The similarity of the PR genome assembly to Heinz1706, M82, and Fla.8924 was measured and the results suggest PR has the lowest affinity towards the hybrid Fla.8924. We then analyzed the regeneration efficiency of PR in comparison to another variety, Pusa Early Dwarf (PED). PR was found to have a high regeneration rate (45.51%) and therefore, we performed allele mining for genes associated with regeneration and found that only AGAMOUS-LIKE15 has a null mutation. Further, allele mining for fruit quality-related genes was also executed. The PR genome has an Ovate mutation leading to round fruit shape, causing economically undesirable fruit cracking. This genomic data can be potentially used for large scale crop improvement programs as well as functional annotation studies.Item Sporotrichum thermophile culture extract-mediated greener synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Eco-friendly functional group transformation and anti-bacterial study(2020-10) Shankar, A; Kumar, V; Kaushik, N; Kumar, A; Malik, V; Singh, D; Singh, BThermophilic mould Sporotrichum thermophile BJTLRMDU7 played the role in greener synthesis of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) extracellularly using silver nitrate. The change in colour from transparent to dark brown primarily indicated the formation of AgNPs due to reduction of Ag (I) ions to Ag by the fungal culture extract. Nanoparticles synthetic process was optimized using “one variable at a time” approach. Sucrose containing medium having pH 8.0 supported the synthesis of AgNPs by the mould at 45 C. Furthermore, presence of light significantly accelerated the formation of silver nanoparticles. AgNPs were characterized by various techniques like UV–vis & FT-IR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Appearance of a band at 426 nm in UV–vis spectrum revealed the reduction of Ag(I) ions to Ag (0) by mould’s culture filtrate. DLS data showed that AgNPs bear an average size of 70 nm, while XRD data revealed particle size of 40 nm. The application of AgNPs with their functional group transformation has successfully reduced p-nitrophenol into p aminophenol in an eco-friendly manner in the presence of light and NaBH4. Further, the synthesized AgNPs showed anti-bacterial potential against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.Item Study on the Load Sharing in Piled Raft Foundation(2023-11) Priyadarshee, A; Kumar, V; Sharma, K; Kumar, APiled-raft coefficient is becoming popular foundation system among the engineering for heavy structures. For the purpose of economical designing, understanding of the load sharing between piles and raft is very important. This load sharing characteristics depends upon the factors associated with piles, soil and their interaction. In this study series of model test were conducted on the piled-raft foundation to understand the impact of the different factors on the load sharing behavior of pile. The length of the pile, diameter of the pile, number of piles, configuration of the piles and relative density of the soil is considered as variable parameters in this study. The results obtained from the model tests have shown that the pile-raft coefficient increases with increase in the length, diameter and number of piles. While the piled-raft coefficient decrease with increase in the relative density. Also it was found that the piled-raft foundation with the arrangement of the piles nearer to the center of the pile have greater piled raft coefficient. A mathematical model based upon the regression analysis is also developed, which is found satisfactorily in the prediction of the piled-raft coefficient.Item Study on the Load Sharing in Piled Raft Foundation(2023-11) Priyadarshee, A; Kumar, VPiled-raft coefficient is becoming popular foundation system among the engineering for heavy structures. For the purpose of economical designing, understanding of the load sharing between piles and raft is very important. This load sharing characteristics depends upon the factors associated with piles, soil and their interaction. In this study series of model test were conducted on the piled-raft foundation to understand the impact of the different factors on the load sharing behavior of pile. The length of the pile, diameter of the pile, number of piles, configuration of the piles and relative density of the soil is considered as variable parameters in this study. The results obtained from the model tests have shown that the pile-raft coefficient increases with increase in the length, diameter and number of piles. While the piled-raft coefficient decrease with increase in the relative density. Also it was found that the piled-raft foundation with the arrangement of the piles nearer to the center of the pile have greater piled raft coefficient. A mathematical model based upon the regression analysis is also developed, which is found satisfactorily in the prediction of the piled-raft coefficient.