Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes: functions and roles in cancers
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Date
2024-04
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Abstract
Cancer, being the most formidable ailment, has had a profound impact on the
human health. The disease is primarily associated with genetic mutations that
impact oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). Recently, growing evi dence have shown that X-linked TSGs have specific role in cancer progression
and metastasis as well. Interestingly, our genome harbors around substantial
portion of genes that function as tumor suppressors, and the X chromosome
alone harbors a considerable number of TSGs. The scenario becomes even more
compelling as X-linked TSGs are adaptive to key epigenetic processes such as
X chromosome inactivation. Therefore, delineating the new paradigm related
to X-linked TSGs, for instance, their crosstalk with autosome and involvement
in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis becomes utmost importance.
Considering this, herein, we present a comprehensive discussion of X-linked
TSG dysregulation in various cancers as a consequence of genetic variations
and epigenetic alterations. In addition, the dynamic role of X-linked TSGs in
sex chromosome–autosome crosstalk in cancer genome remodeling is being explored thoroughly. Besides, the functional roles of ncRNAs, role of X-linked
TSG in immunomodulation and in gender-based cancer disparities has also been
highlighted. Overall, the focal idea of the present article is to recapitulate the findings on X-linked TSG regulation in the cancer landscape and to redefine their role
toward improving cancer treatment strategies.