Comprehensive insights into pathogenicity and emerging CRISPR-integrated biosensors for the early detection of breast cancer biomarkers

Abstract

Breast cancer is a significant healthcare burden and leading cause of female mortality globally. This necessitates for efficient, accurate, and early diagnosis of breast cancer. Presently employed diagnostic strategies suffer from major limitations in terms of false positives, false negatives, invasive procedure, and low sensitivity. Hence, there is a urgent need of development of diagnostic procedures which can address these limitations. Biosensors, with their high sensitivity represents a leap forward in development of non-invasive and rapid detection tool. Further integration of nanotechnology and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system have multi-fold increased the detection capabilities of these biosensors. This review article discusses breast cancer’s pathogenicity, highlighting disease progression, risk factors, biomarkers, and genes associated with tumorigenesis. This review also explores and critically examines the traditional detection strategies. Further more, the advancement in biosensing techniques have also been discussed along with the role of nanomaterials in enhancing the competence of biosensors. The review critically examines the advantages, challenges, and ap plications of CRISPR-based biosensors for the detection of breast cancer. This comprehensive review article underlines the need for continuous innovation in breast cancer diagnostics to enhance patient outcomes.