In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation Techniques for ACE Inhibitory Peptides: Challenges and Innovations in Predicting Hypertensive Effects
No Thumbnail Available
Date
2026
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
Background ACE inhibitory peptides derived from food sources are natural alternative to manage hypertension then the
synthetic ones due to various side effects. To evaluate their therapeutic potential and biological activities, in vivo and in vitro
assays are required.
Objective This paper reviews in vitro and in vivo assessment techniques, highlighting their limitations and advancements.
Methodology This review paper is based on literature survey through databases like ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed,
Google Scholar from 1986 to 2025. in vitro and in vivo techniques discussed to evaluate ACE inhibitory peptides with older
studies based on their significance.
Results In vitro methods, such as ACE inhibition assays and enzyme kinetics, provide insights into bioactivity but lack
physiological relevance. In vivo studies, while essential for therapeutic validation, face ethical concerns, high costs, and
human variability. Innovations like QSAR models, molecular docking, and organ-on-chip systems enhance predictive accu
racy. Biomarkers further improve physiological relevance, bridging preclinical and clinical gaps.
Conclusion The study emphasizes the need for refined methodologies, better bioavailability, and stable formulations. Addi
tionally, regulatory challenges and multi-omics approaches are discussed to enhance peptide evaluation. Overcoming these
limitations will facilitate the development of ACE inhibitory peptides as effective antihypertensive agents.
Graphical abstract
In vitro and in vivo evaluation techniques for ACE inhibitory peptides