Asymmetric link between PPP investment and transport CO2 emissions in india: A QARDL perspective
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Date
2026
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Abstract
The transport sector is the third most polluting sector in India. So, transforming
it into a more efficient and environmentally sustainable sector is essential., where
Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) could play a crucial role. To address modifica
tion at the policy level in India, the current study examined how transport carbon
emissions are influenced by PPP investment along with urbanization, economic
growth, FDI, trade openness and environmental technology innovations. The Quan
tile Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (QARDL) has been used for the period
1998Q1-2022Q4. The key results highlights that PPP investment in long run is
insignificant in most of the quantiles but significant and negative in the quantiles
ranging from 0.6 to 0.9 in short run reflecting the impact of PPP investment in high
er quantiles. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis has also been
established in the data, whereas urbanization associated with the reduced transport
sector emission in 0.2 to 0.9 quantiles. The study also found environmental technol
ogy innovation associated with reduced transport emissions. Trade openness found
insignificant in long run but significant and adverse effect on the environment in
the short run. FDI have adverse effect on transport emission in the long run in all
quantiles (0.1–0.9). Finally, policy proposals have been made for transport sector
to reduce transport CO2 emissions in India.