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Does fiscal federalism prevent or provoke secessionist conflicts? The Autonomy-Equalization Conundrum and the promise of concessionary federalism
(2024) Sharma, Chanchal Kumar
Does Fiscal Federalism Prevent or Provoke Secessionist Conflicts?
This article shows that both insufficient fiscal equalisation and
excessive redistribution can provoke contestations – especially
when economic grievances of low- and high-income states coincide
with national minorities. Fiscal federalism must strike a balance –
empowering low-income states without expropriating high-income
states – to prevent these contestations from escalating into con
f
licts. The challenge is twofold: First, designing a policy framework
that discourages the perverse incentives associated with high levels
of equalisation and autonomy. This may be recommended by
Independent Fiscal Institutions (IFIs). However, this is not sufficient,
because political incumbents – influenced by their incentives and
self-interest – might resist these recommendations. Therefore,
the second level challenge lies in making these recommendations
work. One way is to establish institutionalised mechanisms of inter
governmental negotiations which can reveal interdependencies
and facilitate (a) continuous dialogue – enabling parties to align
their incentives with economists’ recommendations and recognise
their common interests where they had previously perceived con
f
licting ones, and (b) reciprocal concessions – encouraging parties
to relax their dominant strategies. Intergovernmental councils with
predefined principles for contestations and mandatory outputs
(agreed-upon concessions) can yield an equilibrium where no
party has a unilateral incentive to deviate, encapsulating the
essence of negotiated cooperation and concessionary federalism.
The Return of the Center: Reconfiguration of Center-State Relations in Modi’s India
(2025) Sharma, Chanchal Kumar
Wheat Omics: Advancements and Opportunities
(2023-01) Sehgal, D; Dhakate, P; Ambreen, H; Vikram, P
Plant omics, which includes genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics, has
played a remarkable role in the discovery of new genes and biomolecules that can be deployed for
crop improvement. In wheat, great insights have been gleaned from the utilization of diverse omics
approaches for both qualitative and quantitative traits. Especially, a combination of omics approaches
has led to significant advances in gene discovery and pathway investigations and in deciphering
the essential components of stress responses and yields. Recently, a Wheat Omics database has been
developed for wheat which could be used by scientists for further accelerating functional genomics
studies. In this review, we have discussed various omics technologies and platforms that have been
used in wheat to enhance the understanding of the stress biology of the crop and the molecular
mechanisms underlying stress tolerance.
Ulam Stability Results of Functional Equations in Modular Spaces and 2-Banach Spaces
(2023-01) Tamilvanan, K; Alkhaldi, A; Jakhar, J; Chugh, R; Jakhar, J
In this work, we investigate the refined stability of the additive, quartic, and quintic func tional equations in modular spaces with and without the ∆2-condition using the direct method (Hyers
method). We also examine Ulam stability in 2-Banach space using the direct method. Additionally,
using a suitable counterexample, we eventually demonstrate that the stability of these equations fails
in a certain case.
Transform diabetes care with precision medicine
(2023-10) Kannan, S; Chellappan, D; Kow, C; Pandey, M
Abstract
Background and Aims: Diabetes is a global concern. This article took a closer look at
diabetes and precision medicine.
Methods: A literature search of studies related to the use of precision medicine in
diabetes care was conducted in various databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and
Scopus).
Results: Precision medicine encompasses the integration of a wide array of personal
data, including clinical, lifestyle, genetic, and various biomarker information. Its goal
is to facilitate tailored treatment approaches using contemporary diagnostic and
therapeutic techniques that specifically target patients based on their genetic
makeup, molecular markers, phenotypic traits, or psychosocial characteristics. This
article not only highlights significant advancements but also addresses key
challenges, particularly focusing on the technologies that contribute to the
realization of personalized and precise diabetes care.
Conclusion: For the successful implementation of precision diabetes medicine,
collaboration and coordination among multiple stakeholders are crucial.
The neglected continuously emerging Marburg virus disease in Africa: A global public health threat
(2023-10) Srivastava, D; Dash, R; Kutikuppala, L; Shanker, P; Sahoo, R
Abstract
Background and Aim: Severe viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) is caused by Marburg
virus which is a member of the Filoviridae (filovirus) family. Many Marburg virus
disease (MVD) outbreaks are reported in five decades. A major notable outbreak
with substantial reported cases of infections and deaths was in 2022 in Uganda.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) reported MVD outbreak in Ghana in July
2022 following the detection of two probable VHF patients there. Further, the
virus was reported from two other African countries, the Equatorial Guinea
(February 2023) and Tanzania (March 2023). There have been 35 deaths out of
40 reported cases in Equatorial Guinea, and six of the nine confirmed cases in
Tanzania so far.
Methods: Data particularly on the several MVD outbreaks as reported from the
African countries were searched on various databases including the Pubmed,
Scopus, and Web‐of‐science. Also, the primary data and reports from health
agencies like the WHO and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDC) were evaluated and the efficacy reviewed.
Results: Chiroptera in general and bat species like Rousettus aegyptiacus and
Hipposideros caffer in particular are natural reservoirs of the Marburg virus. MVD‐
infected nonhuman primate African fruit‐bat and the MVD‐infected humans pose
significant risk in human infections. Cross‐border viral transmission and its potential
further international ramification concerns raise the risk of its rapid spread and a
potential outbreak. Occurrence of MVD is becoming more frequent in Africa with
higher case fatality rates. Effective prophylactic and therapeutic interventions to
counter this deadly virus are suggested.
Conclusion: In the face of the lack of effective therapeutics and preventives
against MVD, supportive care is the only available option which contributes to the growing concern and disease severity. In view of the preventive approaches
involving effective surveillance and monitoring system following the “One
Health” model is extremely beneficial to ensure a healthy world for all, this
article aims at emphasizing several MVD outbreaks, epidemiology, zoonosis of
the virus, current treatment strategies, risk assessments, and the mitigation
strategies against MVD.
The interlink between chrono-nutrition and stunting: current insights and future perspectives
(2023-12) Taslim, N; Samtiya, M
Stunting is the one factor that is responsible for the irretrievable damage to
children’s mental and physical health. Stunting imitates chronic undernutrition
throughout the most extreme critical stages of growth and development of
a child in their early life, and due to that stunted child does not completely
develop and are too short for their age. Stunting is mainly linked with brain
underdevelopment, along with lifelong damaging consequences, comprising
weakened mental and learning capacity, deprived performance in school during
childhood, and enhanced risks of nutrition linked to chronic long-lasting ailments,
such as diabetes, hypertension, diabesity, and obesity in the future. In this review,
the authors mainly summarize the latest studies related to chronic nutrition and
how it is related to stunting. Optimal nutrition, particularly during pregnancy and
the first 24 months of a child’s life, is crucial in preventing stunting. Circadian
rhythms play a significant role in maternal and fetal health, affecting outcomes
such as premature birth and stunting. Maintaining a balanced diet, avoiding late night carbohydrate-heavy meals during pregnancy, and promoting breastfeeding
align with the body’s biological clock, which can benefit newborns in various
ways. Providing dedicated spaces for breastfeeding in public places is important
to support infant health.
Stochastic modeling and parameter estimation of turbogenerator unit of a thermal power plant under classical and Bayesian inferential framework
(2023-10) Kumar, A; Chaudhary, R; Kumar, K; Saini, M; Saini, D
The work reported in present study deals with the development of a novel stochastic model
and estimation of parameters to assess reliability characteristics for a turbogenerator unit of
thermal power plant under classical and Bayesian frameworks. Turbogenerator unit consists
of five components namely turbine lubrication, turbine governing, generator oil system, gen erator gas system and generator excitation system. The concepts of cold standby redun dancy and Weibull distributed random variables are used in development of stochastic
model. The shape parameter for all the random variables is same while scale parameter is
different. Regenerative point technique and semi-Markov approach are used for evaluation
of reliability characteristics. Sufficient repair facility always remains available in plant as well
as repair done by the repairman is considered perfect. As the life testing experiments are
time consuming, so to highlight the importance of proposed model Monte Carlo simulation
study is carried out. A comparative analysis is done between true, classical and Bayesian
results of MTSF, availability and profit function.
Sr(II) and Ba(II) Alkaline Earth Metal–Organic Frameworks (AE-MOFs) for Selective Gas Adsorption, Energy Storage, and Environmental Application
(2023-01) Sharma, A; Meynen, V; Király, N; Capková, D
Two new alkaline earth metal–organic frameworks (AE-MOFs) containing Sr(II) (UPJS-15)
or Ba(II) (UPJS-16) cations and extended tetrahedral linker (MTA) were synthesized and characterized
in detail (UPJS stands for University of Pavol Jozef Safarik). Single-crystal X-ray analysis (SC-XRD)
revealed that the materials are isostructural and, in their frameworks, one-dimensional channels
are present with the size of ~11 × 10 Å2
. The activation process of the compounds was studied
by the combination of in situ heating infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermal analysis (TA) and in situ
high-energy powder X-ray diffraction (HE-PXRD), which confirmed the stability of compounds after
desolvation. The prepared compounds were investigated as adsorbents of different gases (Ar, N2
,
CO2
, and H2
). Nitrogen and argon adsorption measurements showed that UPJS-15 has SBET area
of 1321 m2 g
−1
(Ar) / 1250 m2 g
−1
(N2
), and UPJS-16 does not adsorb mentioned gases. From the
environmental application, the materials were studied as CO2 adsorbents, and both compounds
adsorb CO2 with a maximum capacity of 22.4 wt.% @ 0 ◦C; 14.7 wt.% @ 20 ◦C and 101 kPa for UPJS-15
and 11.5 wt.% @ 0◦C; 8.4 wt.% @ 20 ◦C and 101 kPa for UPJS-16. According to IAST calculations,
UPJS-16 shows high selectivity (50 for CO2/N2 10:90 mixture and 455 for CO2/N2 50:50 mixture) and
can be applied as CO2 adsorbent from the atmosphere even at low pressures. The increased affinity
of materials for CO2 was also studied by DFT modelling, which revealed that the primary adsorption
sites are coordinatively unsaturated sites on metal ions, azo bonds, and phenyl rings within the
MTA linker. Regarding energy storage, the materials were studied as hydrogen adsorbents, but the
materials showed low H2 adsorption properties: 0.19 wt.% for UPJS-15 and 0.04 wt.% for UPJS-16 @
−196 ◦C and 101 kPa. The enhanced CO2/H2 selectivity could be used to scavenge carbon dioxide
from hydrogen in WGS and DSR reactions. The second method of applying samples in the area of
energy storage was the use of UPJS-15 as an additive in a lithium-sulfur battery. Cyclic performance at a cycling rate of 0.2 C showed an initial discharge capacity of 337 mAh g−1
, which decreased
smoothly to 235 mAh g−1 after 100 charge/discharge cycles.
Solidification and Stabilization of Spent Pine cone Biochar using Chemically Bonded Phosphate Cement
(2023) Tyagi, S; Annachhatre, A
Spent biochar is produced after adsorption of heavy metal
which is hazardous by nature. A suitable disposal technique is required
to prevent the leaching of heavy metals from spent biochar into the
environment. This study highlights the solidification and stabilization
(S/S) of copper loaded spent pine-cone biochar by chemically bonded
phosphate cement (CBPC). The response surface methodology (RSM) was
used to conduct S/S experiments in order to evaluate the compressive
strength of CBPC products. The CBPC samples were prepared by varying
biochar content (5-50 wt. %); W:S (0.15-0.3) and curing time(3-28d).
Results illustrated that CBPC products containing biochar had higher
compressive strength upto 12.8 MPa in comparison to CBPC without
biochar i.e., upto 10.8 MPa. XRD and SEM analysis confirmed the
presence of K-struvite (MgKPO4.6H2O), copper containing phases (Ca Cu-Si), copper phosphate precipitates (Cu3(PO4)2) and filling of pore
spaces by spent biochar. Highest compressive strength of 12.8 MPa was
obtained at an optimized biochar content of 25%, W:S of 0.18 and curing
time of 28 d. The evaluation of leaching potential by TCLP illustrated that
stabilization of Cu (II) upto 99.9% was achieved in CBPC product. The risk
assessment study revealed that there is no significant danger due to leaching
of heavy metals from final CBPC product indicating that it can be readily
disposed in the hazardous landfill sites.